English Monarchy Family Tree Queen Elizabeth to Henry Iii

There accept been 61 monarchs of England and Britain spread over a period of approximately 1200 years.

English Kings

SAXON KINGS

EGBERT 827 – 839
Egbert (Ecgherht) was the outset monarch to establish a stable and extensive dominion over all of Anglo-Saxon England. After returning from exile at the courtroom of Charlemagne in 802, he regained his kingdom of Wessex. Following his conquest of Mercia in 827, he controlled all of England south of the Humber. After further victories in Northumberland and Due north Wales, he is recognised by the title Bretwalda (Anglo-Saxon, "ruler of the British"). A yr before he died anile almost 70, he defeated a combined force of Danes and Cornish at Hingston Down in Cornwall. He is buried at Winchester in Hampshire.

AETHELWULF 839 – 858
Rex of Wessex, son of Egbert and male parent of Alfred the Great. In 851 Aethelwulf defeated a Danish army at the battle of Oakley while his eldest son Aethelstan fought and defeated a Viking fleet off the coast of Kent, in what is believed to be "the first naval battle in recorded English language history". A highly religious human being, Athelwulf travelled to Rome with his son Alfred to see the Pope in 855.

Pictured to a higher place: Aethelwulf

AETHELBALD 858 – 860
The second son of Aethelwulf, Æthelbald was born around 834. He was crowned at Kingston-upon-Thames in southwest London, after forcing his father to abdicate upon his render from pilgrimage to Rome. Following his father's death in 858, he married his widowed stepmother Judith, but nether pressure level from the church the matrimony was annulled after only a year. He is buried at Sherbourne Abbey in Dorset.

AETHELBERT 860 – 866
Became king post-obit the expiry of his brother Æthelbald. Similar his brother and his begetter, Aethelbert (pictured to the right) was crowned at Kingston-upon-Thames. Before long subsequently his succession a Danish army landed and sacked Winchester before being defeated by the Saxons. In 865 the Viking Swell Infidel Army landed in Due east Anglia and swept across England. He is buried at Sherborne Abbey.

AETHELRED I 866 – 871
Aethelred succeeded his brother Aethelbert. His reign was 1 long struggle with the Danes who had occupied York in 866, establishing the Viking kingdom of Yorvik. When the Danish Army moved south Wessex itself was threatened, and and so together with his brother Alfred, they fought several battles with the Vikings at Reading, Ashdown and Basing. Aethelred suffered serious injuries during the adjacent major battle at Meretun in Hampshire; he died of his wounds soon after at Witchampton in Dorset, where he was cached.

ALFRED THE Groovy 871 – 899 – son of AETHELWULF
Born at Wantage in Berkshire around 849, Alfred was well educated and is said to have visited Rome on two occasions. He had proven himself to exist a strong leader in many battles, and as a wise ruler managed to secure v uneasy years of peace with the Danes, earlier they attacked Wessex once again in 877. Alfred was forced to retreat to a small isle in the Somerset Levels and it was from here that he masterminded his comeback, peradventure 'burning the cakes' equally a consequence. With major victories at Edington, Rochester and London, Alfred established Saxon Christian rule over first Wessex, and then on to well-nigh of England. To secure his hard won boundaries Alfred founded a permanent army and an embryonic Royal Navy. To secure his place in history, he began the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.

EDWARD (The Elderberry) 899 – 924
Succeeded his father Alfred the Great. Edward retook southeast England and the Midlands from the Danes. Following the death of his sis Aethelflaed of Mercia, Edward unites the kingdoms of Wessex and Mercia. In 923, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles tape that the Scottish Male monarch Constantine II recognises Edward as "begetter and lord". The post-obit twelvemonth, Edward is killed in a boxing against the Welsh near Chester. His body is returned to Winchester for burying.

ATHELSTAN 924 – 939
Son of Edward the Elder, Athelstan extended the boundaries of his kingdom at the Boxing of Brunanburh in 937. In what is said to exist one of the bloodiest battles ever fought on British soil, Athelstan defeated a combined army of Scots, Celts, Danes and Vikings, claiming the title of King of all Britain. The boxing saw for the first time individual Anglo-Saxon kingdoms being brought together to create a single and unified England. Athelstan is buried in Malmesbury, Wiltshire.

EDMUND 939 – 946
Succeeded his half-bother Athelastan as king at the tender age of eighteen, having already fought aslope him at the Batlle of Brunanburh two years earlier. He re-established Anglo-Saxon control over northern England, which had fallen dorsum under Scandinavian rule post-obit the death of Athelstan. Aged merely 25, and whilst celebrating the feast of Augustine, Edmund was stabbed by a robber in his royal hall at Pucklechurch about Bathroom. His two sons, Eadwig and Edgar, were peradventure considered too immature to become kings.

EADRED 946 – 955
The son of Edward the Elder past his tertiary marriage to Eadgifu, Eadred succeeded his brother Edmund following his premature death. He followed in the family tradition of defeating Norsemen, expelling the last Scandinavian King of York, Eric Bloodaxe, in 954. A securely religious human being, Eadred suffered a serious stomach ailment that would eventually prove fatal. Eadred died in his early 30s, unmarried and without an heir, at Frome in Somerset. He is buried in Winchester.

EADWIG 955 – 959
The eldest son of Edmund I, Eadwig was about xvi when he was crowned king at Kingston-upon-Thames in southeast London. Fable has information technology that his coronation had to be delayed to let Bishop Dunstan to prise Eadwig from his bed, and from between the artillery of his "strumpet" and the strumpets' mother. Perhaps unimpressed by the interruption, Eadwig had Dunstan exiled to France. Eadwig died in Gloucester when he was just 20, the circumstances of his death are not recorded.

EDGAR 959 – 975
The youngest son of Edmund I, Edgar had been in dispute with his brother apropos succession to the throne for some years. Following Eadwig's mysterious death, Edgar immediately recalled Dunstan from exile, making him Archbishop of Canterbury as well as his personal adviser. Following his carefully planned (by Dunstan) coronation in Bath in 973, Edgar marched his army to Chester, to be met by six kings of Britain. The kings, including the King of Scots, King of Strathclyde and various princes of Wales, are said to have signalled their allegiance to Edgar by rowing him in his land clomp across the River Dee.

EDWARD THE MARTYR 975 – 978
Eldest son of Edgar, Edward was crowned male monarch when aged just 12. Although supported past Archbishop Dunstan, his claim to the throne was contested by supporters of his much younger half-blood brother Aethelred. The resulting dispute between rival factions within the church and nobility almost led to ceremonious state of war in England. Edward'southward short reign ended when he was murdered at Corfe Castle by followers of Aethelred, after just 2 and one-half years every bit king. The title 'martyr' was a upshot of him beingness seen every bit a victim of his stepmother's ambitions for her own son Aethelred.

AETHELRED II THE UNREADY 978 – 1016
Aethelred was unable to organise resistance against the Danes, earning him the nickname 'unready', or 'badly advised'. He became male monarch aged virtually x, merely fled to Normandy in 1013 when Sweyn Forkbeard, King of the Danes invaded England in an human activity of revenge following the St Brice's Solar day massacre of England's Danish inhabitants.

Sweyn was pronounced Male monarch of England on Christmas 24-hour interval 1013 and made his capital at Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. He died just five weeks afterwards.

Aethelred returned in 1014 later on Sweyn's death. The residue of Aethelred's reign was one of a abiding state of state of war with Sweyn's son Canute.

Pictured in a higher place: Aethelred Ii The Unready

EDMUND Ii IRONSIDE 1016 – 1016
The son of Aethelred II, Edmund had led the resistance to Canute's invasion of England since 1015. Following the death of his father, he was called king by the good folk of London. The Witan (the male monarch's council) even so elected Canute. Following his defeat at the Battle of Assandun, Edmund fabricated a pact with Canute to divide the kingdom between them. This treaty ceded control of all of England, with the exception of Wessex, to Canute. It also stated that when one of the kings died the other would take all of England… Edmund died later that year, probably assassinated.

CANUTE (CNUT THE GREAT) THE DANE 1016 – 1035
Canute became king of all England following the death of Edmund Ii. The son of Sweyn Forkbeard, he ruled well and gained favour with his English subjects by sending well-nigh of his regular army dorsum to Denmark. In 1017, Canute married Emma of Normandy, the widow of Aethelred II and divided England into the four earldoms of Eastward Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria and Wessex. Perhaps inspired past his pilgrimage to Rome in 1027, legend has it that he wanted to demonstrate to his subjects that as a rex he was not a god, he ordered the tide non to come in, knowing this would neglect.

HAROLD I 1035 – 1040
Too known as Harold Harefoot, in recognition of his speed and skill equally a hunter. Harold was the illegitimate son of Canute; he claimed the English crown on the death of his father whilst his half-brother Harthacanute, the rightful heir, was in Denmark fighting to protect his Danish kingdom. Harold died 3 years into his reign, just weeks before Harthacanute was due to invade England with an regular army of Danes. He was cached in Westminster Abbey before Harthacanute had his body dug up, beheaded, and thrown into the Thames. His $.25 were later gathered and re-buried at St. Clement Danes in London.

HARTHACANUTE 1040 – 1042
The son of Cnut the Slap-up and Emma of Normandy, Harthacanute sailed to England with his mother, accompanied past a fleet of 62 warships, and was immediately accepted equally king. Maybe to appease his female parent, the year before he died Harthacanute invited his half-brother Edward, Emma's son from her beginning union to Aethelred the Unready, dorsum from exile in Normandy. Harthacanute died at a hymeneals whilst toasting the wellness of the bride; he was aged just 24 and was the last Danish male monarch to rule England

EDWARD THE CONFESSOR 1042-1066
Post-obit the decease of Harthacanute, Edward restored the rule of the Firm of Wessex to the English throne. A deeply pious and religious man, he presided over the rebuilding of Westminster Abbey, leaving much of the running of the country to Earl Godwin and his son Harold. Edward died childless, eight days later the edifice piece of work on Westminster Abbey had finished. With no natural successor, England was faced with a ability struggle for control of the throne.

HAROLD Two 1066
Despite having no royal bloodline, Harold Godwin was elected king by the Witan (a council of loftier ranking nobles and religious leaders), post-obit the decease of Edward the Confessor. The ballot upshot failed to meet with the blessing of one William, Knuckles of Normandy, who claimed that his relative Edward had promised the throne to him several years earlier. Harold defeated an invading Norwegian army at the Battle of Stamford Span in Yorkshire, and so marched south to face William of Normandy who had landed his forces in Sussex. The death of Harold at the Battle Of Hastings meant the end of the English language Anglo-Saxon kings and the beginning of the Normans.

NORMAN KINGS

WILLIAM I (The Conqueror) 1066- 1087
Also known every bit William the Bastard (but not commonly to his face!), he was the illegitimate son of Robert the Devil, whom he succeeded as Duke of Normandy in 1035. William came to England from Normandy, claiming that his 2nd cousin Edward the Confessor had promised him the throne, and defeated Harold II at the Battle of Hastings on 14th October 1066. In 1085 the Domesday Survey was begun and all of England was recorded, then William knew exactly what his new kingdom contained and how much revenue enhancement he could enhance in order to fund his armies. William died at Rouen after a fall from his equus caballus whilst besieging the French metropolis of Nantes. He is buried at Caen.

WILLIAM II (Rufus) 1087-1100
William was not a popular king, given to extravagance and cruelty. He never married and was killed in the New Forest by a devious arrow whilst out hunting, perhaps accidentally, or peradventure shot deliberately on the instructions of his younger brother Henry. Walter Tyrrell, one of the hunting party, was blamed for the act. The Rufus Stone in The New Wood, Hampshire, marks the spot where he fell.

HENRY I 1100-1135
Henry Beauclerc was the 4th and youngest son of William I. Well educated, he founded a zoo at Woodstock in Oxfordshire to study animals. He was called the 'Lion of Justice' as he gave England good laws, even if the punishments were ferocious. His two sons were drowned in the White Ship so his daughter Matilda was made his successor. She was married to Geoffrey Plantagenet. When Henry died of food poisoning, the Council considered a adult female unfit to rule and so offered the throne to Stephen, a grandson of William I.

STEPHEN 1135-1154
Stephen was a very weak king and the whole state was almost destroyed by the constant raids by the Scots and the Welsh. During Stephen's reign the Norman barons wielded corking power, extorting money and annexation boondocks and country. A decade of civil war known as The Chaos ensued when Matilda invaded from Anjou in 1139. A compromise was eventually decided, under the terms of the Treaty of Westminster Matilda'southward son Henry Plantagenet would succeed to the throne when Stephen died.

PLANTAGENET KINGS

HENRY II 1154-1189
Henry of Anjou was a strong king. A bright soldier, he extended his French lands until he ruled most of France. He laid the foundation of the English language Jury System and raised new taxes (scutage) from the landholders to pay for a militia force. Henry is mostly remembered for his quarrel with Thomas Becket, and Becket's subsequent murder in Canterbury Cathedral on 29th December 1170. His sons turned against him, even his favourite John.

RICHARD I (The Lionheart) 1189 – 1199
Richard was the third son of Henry II. By the age of xvi, he was leading his ain ground forces putting downwards rebellions in France. Although crowned King of England, Richard spent all but six months of his reign away, preferring to utilise the taxes from his kingdom to fund his various armies and military ventures. He was the leading Christian commander during the Third Crusade. On his way back from Palestine, Richard was captured and held for ransom. The amount paid for his safety return most bankrupt the country. Richard died from an arrow-wound, far from the kingdom that he and so rarely visited. He had no children.

JOHN 1199 -1216
John Lackland was the fourth child of Henry Two. Short and fat, he was jealous of his dashing brother Richard I whom he succeeded. He was savage, self-indulgent, selfish and avaricious, and the raising of punitive taxes united all the elements of order, clerical and lay, confronting him. The Pope excommunicated him. On 15th June 1215 at Runnymede the barons compelled John to sign Magna Carta, the Cracking Lease, which reinstated the rights of all his subjects. John died – from dysentery – a avoiding from all his enemies. He has been termed "the worst English king".

HENRY III 1216 -1272
Henry was nine years onetime when he became king. Brought up past priests he became devoted to church building, art and learning. He was a weak man, dominated by churchmen and easily influenced by his married woman'southward French relations. In 1264 Henry was captured during the rebellion of barons led past Simon de Montfort and was forced to ready a 'Parliament' at Westminster, the offset of the House of Commons. Henry was the greatest of all patrons of medieval architecture and ordered the rebuilding of Westminster Abbey in the Gothic style.

Monarchs of England and Wales

EDWARD I 1272 – 1307
Edward Longshanks was a statesman, lawyer and soldier. He formed the Model Parliament in 1295, bringing the knights, clergy and nobility, as well equally the Lords and Commons together for the commencement time. Aiming at a united Britain, he defeated the Welsh chieftains and created his eldest son Prince of Wales. He was known as the 'Hammer of the Scots' for his victories in Scotland and brought the famous coronation stone from Scone to Westminster. When his first married woman Eleanor died, he escorted her torso from Grantham in Lincolnshire to Westminster, setting upwardly Eleanor Crosses at every resting place. He died on the fashion to fight Robert Bruce.

EDWARD II 1307 – deposed 1327
Edward was a weak and incompetent king. He had many 'favourites', Piers Gaveston being the nigh notorious. He was browbeaten by the Scots at the Boxing of Bannockburn in 1314. Edward was deposed and held convict in Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire. His wife joined her lover Mortimer in deposing him: by their orders he was murdered in Berkley Castle – as legend has it, by having a ruby-hot poker thrust up his anus! His beautiful tomb in Gloucester Cathedral was erected by his son, Edward III.

EDWARD III 1327 – 1377
Son of Edward II, he reigned for 50 years. His ambition to conquer Scotland and France plunged England into the Hundred Years War, beginning in 1338. The ii great victories at Crecy and Poitiers made Edward and his son, the Black Prince, the most renowned warriors in Europe, however the state of war was very expensive. The outbreak of bubonic plague, the 'Blackness Decease' in 1348-1350 killed half the population of England.

RICHARD II 1377 – deposed 1399
The son of the Black Prince, Richard was improvident, unjust and faithless. In 1381 came the Peasants Revolt, led past Wat Tyler. The rebellion was put down with great severity. The sudden expiry of his first wife Anne of Bohemia completely unbalanced Richard and his extravagance, acts of revenge and tyranny turned his subjects against him. In 1399 Henry of Lancaster returned from exile and deposed Richard, becoming elected Male monarch Henry Iv. Richard was murdered, probably by starvation, in Pontefract Castle in 1400.

HOUSE OF LANCASTER

HENRY Iv 1399 – 1413
The son of John of Gaunt (third son of Edward Iii), Henry returned from exile in France to reclaim his estates previously seized by Richard II; he was accepted as king past Parliament. Henry spent about of his 13 year reign defending himself against plots, rebellions and bump-off attempts. In Wales Owen Glendower alleged himself Prince of Wales and led a national uprising against English rule. Dorsum in England, Henry had cracking difficulty in maintaining the support of both the clergy and Parliament and between 1403-08 the Percy family launched a series of rebellions confronting him. Henry, the first Lancastrian king, died exhausted, probably of leprosy, at the age of 45.

HENRY 5 1413 – 1422
The son of Henry IV, he was a pious, stern and skilful soldier. Henry had honed his fine soldiering skills putting downwardly the many rebellions launched against his male parent and had been knighted when aged simply 12. He pleased his nobles by renewing the state of war with France in 1415. In the face of tremendous odds he beat out the French at the Boxing of Agincourt, losing just 400 of his own soldiers with more than 6,000 Frenchmen killed. On a second expedition Henry captured Rouen, was recognised every bit the side by side King of France and married Catherine, the daughter of the lunatic French king. Henry died of dysentery whilst candidature in France and before he could succeed to the French throne, leaving his 10-month old son as King of England and France.

HENRY VI 1422 – deposed 1461 Beginning of the Wars of the Roses
Gentle and retiring, he came to the throne as a baby and inherited a losing war with France, the Hundred Years War finally ending in 1453 with the loss of all French lands except for Calais. The male monarch had an assault of mental illness that was hereditary in his mother'south family in 1454 and Richard Duke of York was made Protector of the Realm. The Business firm of York challenged Henry Vi'southward right to the throne and England was plunged into civil war. The Boxing of St Albans in 1455 was won by the Yorkists. Henry was restored to the throne briefly in 1470. Henry's son, Edward, Prince of Wales was killed at the Battle of Tewkesbury one day before Henry was murdered in the Tower of London in 1471. Henry founded both Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, and every year the Provosts of Eton and Male monarch's College lay roses and lilies on the chantry which now stands where he died.

HOUSE OF YORK

EDWARD Iv 1461- 1483
He was the son of Richard Duke of York and Cicely Neville, and non a popular king. His morals were poor (he had many mistresses and had at least one illegitimate son) and even his contemporaries disapproved of him. Edward had his rebellious brother George, Duke of Clarence, murdered in 1478 on a charge of treason. During his reign the first printing press was established in Westminster past William Caxton. Edward died all of a sudden in 1483 leaving two sons aged 12 and 9, and 5 daughters.

EDWARD V 1483 – 1483
Edward was actually born in Westminster Abbey, where his mother Elizabeth Woodville had sought sanctuary from the Lancastrians during the Wars of the Roses. The eldest son of Edward IV, he succeeded to the throne at the tender historic period of 13 and reigned for merely two months, the shortest-lived monarch in English language history. He and his blood brother Richard were murdered in the Belfry of London – information technology is said on the orders of his uncle Richard Duke of Gloucester. Richard (Three) declared The Princes in the Tower illegitimate and named himself rightful heir to the crown.

RICHARD Iii 1483 – 1485 Stop of the Wars of the Roses
Brother of Edward Four. The ruthless extinction of all those who opposed him and the alleged murders of his nephews fabricated his rule very unpopular. In 1485 Henry Richmond, descendant of John of Gaunt, father of Henry Iv, landed in west Wales, gathering forces as he marched into England. At the Battle of Bosworth Field in Leicestershire he defeated and killed Richard in what was to be the final of import boxing in the Wars of the Roses. Archaeological investigations at a car park in Leicester during 2012 revealed a skeleton which was thought to accept been that of Richard Three, and this was confirmed on the 4th February 2013. His torso was re-interred at Leicester Cathedral on 22nd March 2015.

THE TUDORS

HENRY VII 1485 – 1509
When Richard Iii fell at the Battle of Bosworth, his crown was picked up and placed on the caput of Henry Tudor. He married Elizabeth of York and and then united the two warring houses, York and Lancaster. He was a skillful politician but avaricious. The material wealth of the country increased greatly. During Henry's reign playing cards were invented and the portrait of his wife Elizabeth has appeared eight times on every pack of cards for nearly 500 years.

Monarchs of England, Wales and Ireland

HENRY 8 1509 – 1547
The all-time known fact well-nigh Henry VIII is that he had vi wives! Nigh school children larn the post-obit rhyme to assistance them remember the fate of each married woman: "Divorced, Beheaded, Died: Divorced, Beheaded, Survived". His showtime married woman was Catherine of Aragon, his brothers widow, whom he later divorced to marry Anne Boleyn. This divorce caused the split up from Rome and Henry alleged himself the head of the Church Of England. The Dissolution of the Monasteries began in 1536, and the money gained from this helped Henry to bring well-nigh an effective Navy. In an endeavour to have a son, Henry married four further wives, but simply one son was born, to Jane Seymour. Henry had two daughters both to become rulers of England – Mary, daughter of Catherine of Aragon, and Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn.

EDWARD VI 1547 – 1553
The son of Henry Eight and Jane Seymour, Edward was a sickly male child; it is thought he suffered from tuberculosis. Edward succeeded his male parent at the age of 9, the regime being carried on by a Council of Regency with his uncle, Knuckles of Somerset, styled Protector. Even though his reign was short, many men made their mark. Cranmer wrote the Book of Mutual Prayer and the uniformity of worship helped turn England into a Protestant State. After Edward'south decease there was a dispute over the succession. Every bit Mary was Catholic, Lady Jane Greyness was named every bit the next in line to the throne. She was proclaimed Queen but Mary entered London with her supporters and Jane was taken to the Tower. She reigned for only ix days. She was executed in 1554, aged 17.

MARY I (Encarmine Mary) 1553 – 1558
Girl of Henry Eight and Catherine of Aragon. A devout Catholic, she married Philip of Spain. Mary attempted to enforce the wholesale conversion of England to Catholicism. She carried this out with the utmost severity. The Protestant bishops, Latimer, Ridley and Archbishop Cranmer were among those burnt at the pale. The place, in Broad Street Oxford, is marked past a statuary cross. The land was plunged into a biting blood bathroom, which is why she is remembered as Bloody Mary. She died in 1558 at Lambeth Palace in London.

ELIZABETH I 1558-1603
The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth was a remarkable woman, noted for her learning and wisdom. From starting time to final she was pop with the people and had a genius for the selection of capable advisors. Drake, Raleigh, Hawkins, the Cecils, Essex and many many more made England respected and feared. The Castilian Armada was decisively defeated in 1588 and Raleigh's first Virginian colony was founded. The execution of Mary Queen of Scots marred what was a glorious time in English language history. Shakespeare was likewise at the pinnacle of his popularity. Elizabeth never married.

British Monarchs

THE STUARTS

JAMES I and VI of Scotland 1603 -1625
James was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and Lord Darnley. He was the outset male monarch to rule over Scotland and England. James was more than of a scholar than a man of action. In 1605 the Gunpowder Plot was hatched: Guy Fawkes and his Catholic friends tried to blow upwards the Houses of Parliament, just were captured before they could practise so. James's reign saw the publication of the Authorised Version of the Bible, though this caused bug with the Puritans and their mental attitude towards the established church. In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers sailed for America in their ship The Mayflower.

CHARLES i 1625 – 1649 English language Ceremonious War
The son of James I and Anne of Denmark, Charles believed that he ruled by Divine Right. He encountered difficulties with Parliament from the beginning, and this led to the outbreak of the English Civil State of war in 1642. The war lasted four years and following the defeat of Charles's Royalist forces by the New Model Army, led by Oliver Cromwell, Charles was captured and imprisoned. The Business firm of Commons tried Charles for treason against England and when constitute guilty he was condemned to death. His expiry warrant states that he was beheaded on 30th January 1649. Following this the British monarchy was abolished and a republic called the Democracy of England was declared.

THE Commonwealth

declared May 19th 1649

OLIVER CROMWELL, Lord Protector 1653 – 1658
Cromwell was built-in at Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire in 1599, the son of a pocket-sized landowner. He entered Parliament in 1629 and became active in events leading to the Civil War. A leading Puritan figure, he raised cavalry forces and organised the New Model Army, which he led to victory over the Royalists at the Battle of Naseby in 1645. Declining to proceeds agreement on ramble change in government with Charles I, Cromwell was a member of a 'Special Commission' that tried and condemned the king to death in 1649. Cromwell alleged Britain a democracy 'The Commonwealth' and he went on to become its Lord Protector.

Cromwell went on to beat out the Irish gaelic clans and the Scots loyal to Charles II between 1649 and 1651. In 1653 he finally expelled the corrupt English parliament and with the agreement of army leaders became Lord Protector (King in all just proper name)

RICHARD CROMWELL, Lord Protector 1658 – 1659
Richard was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, he was appointed the second ruling Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, serving for just nine months. Different his father, Richard lacked military experience and every bit such failed to gain respect or support from his New Model Army. Richard was eventually 'persuaded' to resign from his position as Lord Protector and exiled himself to France until 1680, when he returned to England.

THE RESTORATION

CHARLES Ii 1660 – 1685
Son of Charles I, also known equally the Merry Monarch. After the collapse of the Protectorate following the death of Oliver Cromwell and the flying of Richard Cromwell to French republic, the Army and Parliament asked Charles to accept the throne. Although very pop he was a weak king and his foreign policy was inept. He had 13 known mistresses, one of whom was Nell Gwyn. He fathered numerous illegitimate children but no heir to the throne. The Neat Plague in 1665 and the Neat Burn down of London in 1666 took place during his reign. Many new buildings were built at this time. St. Paul'south Cathedral was built by Sir Christopher Wren and also many churches still to be seen today.

JAMES II and VII of Scotland 1685 – 1688
The second surviving son of Charles I and younger brother of Charles Two. James had been exiled following the Civil War and served in both the French and Spanish Army. Although James converted to Catholicism in 1670, his ii daughters were raised as Protestants. James became very unpopular because of his persecution of the Protestant clergy and was more often than not hated past the people. Following the Monmouth uprising (Monmouth was an illegitimate son of Charles Ii and a Protestant) and the Bloody Assizes of Guess Jeffries, Parliament asked the Dutch prince, William of Orange to take the throne.

William was married to Mary, James II's Protestant girl. William landed in England and James fled to French republic where he died in exile in 1701.

WILLIAM 3 1689 – 1702 and MARY II 1689 – 1694
On the 5 November 1688, William of Orange sailed his armada of over 450 ships, unopposed by the Imperial Navy, into Torbay harbour and landed his troops in Devon. Gathering local back up, he marched his army, now xx,000 strong, on to London in The Glorious Revolution. Many of James Two'due south army had defected to support William, likewise as James's other daughter Anne. William and Mary were to reign jointly, and William was to take the Crown for life afterwards Mary died in 1694. James plotted to regain the throne and in 1689 landed in Ireland. William defeated James at the Battle of the Boyne and James fled again to France, as guest of Louis XIV.

ANNE 1702 – 1714
Anne was the second daughter of James II. She had 17 pregnancies just only one child survived – William, who died of smallpox anile just 11. A staunch, high church building Protestant, Anne was 37 years old when she succeeded to the throne. Anne was a close friend of Sarah Churchill, the Duchess of Marlborough. Sarah'south husband the Duke of Marlborough allowable the English Regular army in the State of war of Spanish Succession, winning a series of major battles with the French and gaining the country an influence never earlier attained in Europe. It was during Anne'southward reign that the U.k. of United kingdom was created past the Union of England and Scotland.

After Anne's decease the succession went to the nearest Protestant relative of the Stuart line. This was Sophia, daughter of Elizabeth of Bohemia, James I 's only daughter, but she died a few weeks earlier Anne and and so the throne passed to her son George.

THE HANOVERIANS

GEORGE I 1714 -1727
Son of Sophia and the Elector of Hanover, cracking-grandson of James I. The 54 year onetime George arrived in England able to speak merely a few words of English with his 18 cooks and ii mistresses in tow. George never learned English, and then the conduct of national policy was left to the government of the time with Sir Robert Walpole becoming Britain's first Prime Minister. In 1715 the Jacobites (followers of James Stuart, son of James II) attempted to supplant George, simply the attempt failed. George spent little time in England – he preferred his dear Hanover, although he was implicated in the South Ocean Chimera financial scandal of 1720.

GEORGE II 1727 – 1760
Only son of George I. He was more English than his begetter, merely still relied on Sir Robert Walpole to run the country. George was the concluding English language king to atomic number 82 his army into boxing at Dettingen in 1743. In 1745 the Jacobites tried in one case again to restore a Stuart to the throne. Prince Charles Edward Stuart, 'Bonnie Prince Charlie'. landed in Scotland. He was routed at Culloden Moor past the army under the Duke of Cumberland, known as 'Butcher' Cumberland. Bonnie Prince Charlie escaped to France with the help of Flora MacDonald, and finally died a drunkard's death in Rome.

GEORGE 3 1760 – 1820
He was a grandson of George Two and the first English-born and English-speaking monarch since Queen Anne. His reign was one of elegance and the historic period of some of the greatest names in English literature – Jane Austen, Byron, Shelley, Keats and Wordsworth. It was as well the time of great statesmen similar Pitt and Fox and great military men like Wellington and Nelson. in 1773 the 'Boston Tea Party' was the first sign of the troubles that were to come in America. The American Colonies proclaimed their independence on July 4th 1776. George was well significant simply suffered from a mental disease due to intermittent porphyria and somewhen became blind and insane. His son ruled as Prince Regent after 1811 until George'southward decease.

GEORGE IV 1820 – 1830
Known equally the 'First Gentleman of Europe'. He had a love of art and architecture but his private life was a mess, to put it mildly! He married twice, once in 1785 to Mrs. Fitzherbert, secretly as she was a Catholic, and and so in 1795 to Caroline of Brunswick. Mrs. Fitzherbert remained the love of his life. Caroline and George had ane daughter, Charlotte in 1796 but she died in 1817. George was considered a great wit, merely was also a buffoon and his decease was hailed with relief!

WILLIAM Iv 1830 – 1837
Known as the 'Sailor King' (for x years the immature Prince William, blood brother of George IV, served in the Royal Navy), he was the tertiary son of George Iii. Earlier his accession he lived with a Mrs. Hashemite kingdom of jordan, an actress, by whom he had ten children. When Princess Charlotte died, he had to marry in club to secure the succession. He married Adelaide of Saxe-Coburg in 1818. He had two daughters but they did non live. He hated pomp and wanted to dispense with the Coronation. The people loved him because of his lack of pretension. During his reign United kingdom abolished slavery in the colonies in 1833. The Reform Act was passed in 1832, this extended the franchise to the center-classes on a footing of property qualifications.

VICTORIA 1837 – 1901
Victoria was the only kid of Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Edward Duke of Kent, fourth son of George III. The throne Victoria inherited was weak and unpopular. Her Hanoverian uncles had been treated with irreverence. In 1840 she married her cousin Albert of Saxe-Coburg. Albert exerted tremendous influence over the Queen and until his death was virtual ruler of the land. He was a pillar of respectability and left two legacies to the UK, the Christmas Tree and the Swell Exhibition of 1851. With the money from the Exhibition several institutions were developed, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Scientific discipline Museum, Majestic College and the Majestic Albert Hall. The Queen withdrew from public life after the death of Albert in 1861 until her Golden Jubilee in 1887. Her reign saw the British Empire double in size and in 1876 the Queen became Empress of Republic of india, the 'Jewel in the Crown'. When Victoria died in 1901, the British Empire and British world ability had reached their highest point. She had nine children, 40 grand-children and 37 peachy-grandchildren, scattered all over Europe.

House OF SAXE-COBURG AND GOTHA

EDWARD VII 1901 – 1910
A much loved king, the opposite of his bleak father. He loved horse-racing, gambling and women! This Edwardian Age was ane of elegance. Edward had all the social graces and many sporting interests, yachting and horse-racing – his horse Minoru won the Derby in 1909. Edward married the beautiful Alexandra of Denmark in 1863 and they had 6 children. The eldest, Edward Duke of Clarence, died in 1892 just before he was to marry Princess Mary of Teck. When Edward died in 1910 information technology is said that Queen Alexandra brought his current mistress Mrs. Keppel to his bedside to take her farewell. His best known mistress was Lillie Langtry, the 'Jersey Lily'.

Business firm OF WINDSOR

Proper noun changed in 1917

GEORGE 5 1910 – 1936
George had not expected to be king, but when his elder brother died he became the heir-apparent. He had joined the Navy equally a buck in 1877 and loved the sea. He was a bluff, hearty man with a 'quarter-deck' manner. In 1893 he married Princess Mary of Teck, his expressionless blood brother'south fiancee. His years on the throne were difficult; the First World State of war in 1914 – 1918 and the troubles in Ireland which lead to the creation of the Irish gaelic Free Country were considerable issues. In 1932 he began the royal broadcasts on Christmas Mean solar day and in 1935 he celebrated his Silverish Jubilee. His latter years were overshadowed by his business concern about the Prince of Wales and his infatuation with Mrs. Simpson.

EDWARD Eight June 1936 – abdicated December 1936
Edward was the most popular Prince of Wales United kingdom has e'er had. Consequently when he renounced the throne to marry Mrs. Wallis Simpson the land found it almost incommunicable to believe. The people equally a whole knew zip about Mrs. Simpson until early in December 1936. Mrs. Simpson was an American, a divorcee and had two husbands however living. This was unacceptable to the Church building, as Edward had stated that he wanted her to be crowned with him at the Coronation which was to take place the following May. Edward abdicated in favour of his brother and took the championship, Duke of Windsor. He went to live abroad.

GEORGE VI 1936 – 1952
George was a shy and nervous man with a very bad stutter, the verbal opposite of his brother the Knuckles of Windsor, but he had inherited the steady virtues of his father George 5. He was very popular and well loved past the British people. The prestige of the throne was low when he became male monarch, only his wife Elizabeth and his mother Queen Mary were outstanding in their support of him.
The 2d Globe War started in 1939 and throughout the Male monarch and Queen set up an example of backbone and fortitude. They remained at Buckingham Palace for the elapsing of the war in spite of the bombing. The Palace was bombed more than one time. The two Princesses, Elizabeth and Margaret, spent the war years at Windsor Castle. George was in close touch with the Prime Government minister, Winston Churchill throughout the war and both had to exist dissuaded from landing with the troops in Normandy on D-Day! The post-state of war years of his reign were ones of bang-up social change and saw the start of the National Health Service. The whole state flocked to the Festival of United kingdom held in London in 1951, 100 years after the Smashing Exhibition during Victoria's reign.

ELIZABETH Ii 1952 –
Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, or 'Lilibet' to close family, was built-in in London on 21 April 1926. Like her parents, Elizabeth was heavily involved in the war endeavour during the 2nd World War, serving in the women'south branch of the British Regular army known as the Auxiliary Territorial Service, training equally a driver and mechanic. Elizabeth and her sister Margaret anonymously joined the crowded streets of London on VE 24-hour interval to celebrate the cease of the war. She married her cousin Prince Philip, Knuckles of Edinburgh, and they had iv children: Charles, Anne, Andrew and Edward. When her father George VI died, Elizabeth became Queen of seven Republic countries: the Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Islamic republic of pakistan, and Ceylon (at present known as Sri Lanka). Elizabeth'due south coronation in 1953 was the outset to exist televised, serving to increase popularity in the medium and doubling television licence numbers in the Britain. The huge popularity of the regal wedding in 2011 betwixt the Queen's grandson, Prince William and the commoner Kate Middleton, at present the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, reflected the loftier profile of the British Monarchy at habitation and abroad. 2012 was besides an important twelvemonth for the royal family unit, equally the nation historic the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, her 60th yr every bit Queen.

On 9th September 2015, Elizabeth became Britain'southward longest serving monarch, ruling longer than her keen-great grandmother Queen Victoria who reigned for 63 years and 216 days. Congratulations Ma'am; God Save the Queen!

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Source: https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/KingsQueensofBritain/